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authorBlaise Thompson <blaise@untzag.com>2017-11-12 18:51:13 -0600
committerBlaise Thompson <blaise@untzag.com>2017-11-12 18:51:13 -0600
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-% http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/Thesis_Awards/chapter_guidelines.html
-
-\chapter{Public}
-
-\section{Chemical systems} % ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Chemical systems are complex! %
-They contain many molecules ($10^{25}$ in a cup of coffee, 1 trillion in each human cell). %
-These molecules have multiple interaction modes, both internal (intramolecular) and external
-(intermolecular). %
-The reactivity of the system taken as a whole can be dominated by very rare but very important
-species, \textit{e.g.} catalysts. %
-
-Despite this complexity, scientists have gotten very good at describing chemical systems through
-representations of dynamic equilibrium. %
-In such situations, several key parameters emerge: %
-\begin{itemize}
- \item concentration
- \item timescale (rate)
- \item lengthscale
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{Concentration}
-
-\subsection{Timescale}
-
-% TODO: dynamics in chemical systems: collision time, dephasing, rotation, relaxation, diffusion...
-
-\subsection{Lengthscale}
-
-\section{Analytical chemistry} % -----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Traditionally, chemists have seen fit to divide themselves into four specializations: analytical,
-inorganic, organic, and physical. %
-In recent years, materials chemistry and chemical biology have become specializations in their own
-right. %
-This dissertation focuses on analytical chemistry. %
-
-Analytical chemists separate, identify, and quantify chemical systems. %
-To do this, we build instruments that exploit physical properties of the chemical components: %
-\begin{itemize}
- \item separation science (chromatography, electrophoresis)
- \item mass spectrometry
- \item electrochemistry
- \item microscopy
- \item spectroscopy
-\end{itemize}
-Spectroscopy is a family of strategies that exploit the interaction of chemical systems with
-light. %
-
-\section{Spectroscopy} % -------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Molecules respond to electric fields. %
-Static electric fields cause charged molecules (ions) to move, as in electrophoresis and mass
-spectrometry. %
-Oscillating electric fields, also known as light, can interact directly with the molecules
-themselves, driving transitions. %
-However, these transitions can only be driven with the appropriate frequency of light
-(resonance). %
-Different frequencies (colors) of light interact with different kinds of transitions, revealing
-different features of the molecule of interest. %
-
-% TODO: different energy ranges / transition types (nuclear, rotational, vibrational, electronic)
-
-% TODO: how is a photon created or absorbed?
-
-\subsection{Nonlinear spectroscopy}
-
-Spectroscopy is fantastic, but sometimes simple experiments don't reveal everything. %
-Nonlinear spectroscopy uses multiple electric fields simultaniously, revealing even more
-information about the chemical system. %
-
-% TODO: simple graphic of homogeneous vs inhomogeneous broadening
-
-% TODO: 2D freq-freq with increasing inhomogeneity (from Dan's theory work)
-
-\section{Instrumentation} % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-To accomplish nonlinear spectroscopy, specialized light sources are needed: %
-\begin{itemize}
- \item gigantic electric fields
- \item ultrafast time resoution
- \item tunable frequencies
-\end{itemize}
-
-\subsection{LASER}
-
-These sources are made using Light Amplified by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER). %
-
-% TODO: discussion of the original LASER, basic LASER physics
-
-% TODO: discuss temporal coherence
-
-% TODO: discuss pulsed sources
-
-By keeping a wide range ofr colors in phase simulatniously, we are able to create truly ultrafast
-pulses of light. %
-The work presented in this dissertation was primarily taken using a 35 fs 1 KHz system. %
-
-35 fs ($35\times10^{15}$ second) pulses are incredibly short:
-\begin{equation}
- \frac{\text{pulse duration (35 fs)}}{\text{time between pulses (1 ms)}} \approx
- \frac{\text{5.75 months}}{\text{age of universe (13.7 billion years)}} % TODO: cite age
-\end{equation}
-proportionally, our sample spends 6 months in the ``sun'' for every age of the unverse in the
-dark. %
-
-Because all of the energy within the pulse is compressed to such a short period of time, these
-pulses are also incredibly powerful:
-\begin{equation}
- \frac{\text{energy per pulse (4 mJ)}}{\text{pulse duration (35 fs)}} \approx
- \frac{\text{US electricity generation} (5.43\times10^{11} W)}{5} % TODO: cite generation
-\end{equation}
-this laser outputs electric fields one fifth as powerful as total US electricity generation (2016).
-
-% TODO: pulses are very thin (draw circle, use thickness of paper) to motivate 'hard to handle'
-
-\subsection{OPA}
-
-% https://osf.io/vwhjk/ \ No newline at end of file